Male Dominated Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1814 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Yellow Wallpaper Essay Did you like this example? Have you at any point felt caught in your very own area? Did you ever figure the inclination would leave? Well the narrator in the story The Yellow Wallpaper never figured her anguish would end. She felt caught in her very own space and the inclination never appeared to stop, it kept getting to her head. I want to center around the narrators sentiment of feeling trapped and what that really symbolizes in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. This story demonstrates to the reader how much of a male commanded society times used to be, and ladies essentially had no say so in a portion of their choices and even in a portion of their ways of life. This is by all accounts is the repeating topic all through the story and Gilman certainly utilized a great deal of symbols to allude to the reader, which I will reflect on more as we move forward with the essay. The utilization of symbolism and setting represents this topic all through the story. The anonymous narrator in this story experiences an apprehensive issue which is upgraded by her sentiment of being trapped inside a room. The setting of the immense frontier house and especially the nursery stay with banished windows gives a picture of depression and isolation experienced by the narrator. I argue that the narrator utilizes images to feature that she is a casualty of a bigger issue in our general public with how women are seen and the roles that are seen and already in place for them. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Male Dominated Society" essay for you Create order Two critical theories I will be using in this essay the Feminism and Symbolic Realm theories. I believe both these theories can thoroughly provide me with a very convincing argument. The scene in the reading that truly appeared to grab my eye as the reader is where the storyteller appears to reveal her own meaning of the wallpaper and truly come to envision the concealed image. Also, another scene I thought could truly help me amid my examination is a scene that included the storyteller and her perspective of spouse John. Both of these scenes support my chosen critical theories thus propelling my argument. The narrator uses symbols to show the reader her role as a women in the time she lived and other women around her. This story demonstrates to the reader how much of a male commanded society times used to be, and ladies essentially had no say so in a portion of their choices and even in a portion of their ways of life. This is by all accounts is the repeating topic all through the story and Gilman certainly utilized a great deal of symbols to allude to the reader. The scene in the reading that truly appeared to grab my eye as the reader is where the narrator appears to reveal her own meaning of the wallpaper and truly come to envision the concealed image. Prior in the story the storyteller said that she had seen a lady behind the yellow backdrop. Her fixation on the backdrop develops tremendously amid the term of the story. Later in the story she comes to what it appears to be an acknowledgment. She saysThe front pattern does move and no wonder, the woman behind her shakes it.( 362) Also, in very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard. And she is trying to climb through, but nobody could climb through that pattern, it strangles so. (363) The narrator additionally specifies that she sees the ladies out of each one of her windows and how they are similar ladies that we find in our regular daily existences doing some different action. Another fascinating statement I observed to be considerable was They get through, and then the pattern strangles them off and turns them upside down, and makes their eyes white! (363) I think the narrator is stating that once women get past that social obstruction that society has set up for them, they are brung down by the general population of society or perhaps some in their very own assemblage or some may have even died from mental illness. The Symbolic Realm teaches us to pay attention to words, meaning, and language, which is a big conception in this story. Clearly, the wallpaper speaks to the structure of family, drug, and custom in which the narrator winds up trapped. Wallpaper i s residential and humble, and Gilman skillfully utilizes this nightmarish, terrible paper as an image of the local life that traps such a significant number of women. In this story we see how the central perception of women and the role they play highlighted in certain areas. A scene I thought could truly help me amid my examination is a scene that included the storyteller and her perspective of spouse John. It was the end of the fourth of july and the storyteller needed to expound on how she was feeling right now. She at that point says I dont know why I should write this. I dont want to. I dont feel able. ( 359) I know John would think it absurd. I think this symbolizes how much power her husband had over her and how she needed to consider his sentiment of things she did first. Over that he happened to be a psychiatrist so his statement had significantly more weight because of his profession. The storyteller said that John says I mustnt lose my strength, and has me take cod liver oil and lots of tonics and things, to say nothing of ale and wine and rare meat.(359) I think this statement truly adds depth to my contention that he has control over her and she must choose the option to tune in to what he says in light of the fact that he knows precisely what to do.The narrator finds herself financially and sincerely reliant on her better half, John. Commonly she inquiries to herself why she remains in the room constantly. She at that point answers herself by saying, John says it is beneficial for me (355). She thinks about her significant other as a lot more shrewd and more imperative than she, which is the manner in which that society treated men amid the day and age the story was composed. During this period, women were disheartened from joining the workforce and were believed to be more qualified as a mother, and spouse instead of an employee. This is the basic generalization that women endeavored to defeat amid the womens development. Like the narrators opportunity from the concealment of her significant other in the finish of the story, womens effortful fight lead to a triumph in 1920, when ladies at long last won the right to cast a ballot and be incorporated into the political choices influencing society. The narrator experienced mental and also physical battles as did the ladies of this time. In Feminist Criticism by Susan S. Lanser we get a great look at how the feminist criticism is shown in the Yellow Wallpaper and how it changes the readers perception in the story. On page 418 of the source the author goes in depth about the feminist criticism and how it applies to the Yellow Wallpaper. For example, the author says In the contemporary feminist reading, on the other hand, sexual oppression is evident from the start: the phrase John says heads a litany of benevolent prescriptions that keep the narrator infantilized, immobilized, and bored literally out of her mind. They then go on to say Reading or writing herself upon the wallpaper allows the narrator, as Paula Treichler puts it, to escape her husbands sentence and to achieve the limited freedom of madness which, virtually all these critics have agreed, constitutes a kind of sanity in the face of the insanity of male dominance. This demonstrates to the reader that what the narrator felt was similar to a correctional facility sentence under her significant others structure and she really felt a specific opportunity when endeavoring to break down the wallpaper. I trust this source gives us a decent impression of how women may have responded to the male overwhelming society in that time and period. This perusing not jus t recovered The Yellow Wallpaper as a womens activist content yet in addition reconstituted the terms of understanding itself. A feminist criticism moves past such limited causes to embroil the financial and social conditions which, under man-centric society, make women household slaves. Another source I found to be really profound is Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in The Yellow Wallpaper by Paula A. Treichler. This source gives the reader a deep analysis of the symbols in the Yellow Wallpaper. An example quote in this passage I found to be substantial was Disguised as an acceptable feminine topic (interest in decor), the yellow wallpaper comes to occupy the narrators entire reality. Finally, she rips it from the walls to reveal its real meaning. Unveiled, the yellow wallpaper is a metaphor for womens discourse. The author also states Like all good metaphors, the yellow wallpaper is variously interpreted by readers to represent the pattern which underlies sexual inequality, the external manifestation of neurasthenia, the narrators unconscious, the narrators situation within patriarchy. This scholarly journal makes the reader ask questions as you go through the duration of the source to really grasp the meaning and show the patriarchal role that has been already set for women in society. For example, the author says In The Yellow Wallpaper we see consequences of the death sentence. Woman is represented as childlike and dysfunctional. Her complaints are wholly circular, merely confirming the already-spoken patriarchal diagnosis In the story we see the narrator make certain complaints about her condition and she felt to be feeling worse. Meanwhile her husband would tell her how better she is doing basically just brushing off her statements with his expertise. She is comprised and characterized inside the patriarchal request of dialect and bound to rehash discourse. The Yellow Wallpaper challenges this death sentence. Rather than the organized, cleared male-centric domain, the female heredity that the wallpaper speaks to is thick with life, articulation, and suffering. In Conclusion, I argue that the narrator uses symbols to highlight that she is a victim of a larger issue in our society with how women are viewed and the roles that are perceived of them. During this period, women were disheartened from joining the workforce and were believed to be more qualified as a mother, and spouse instead of an employee. This is the basic generalization that women endeavored to defeat amid the womens development. The wallpaper represents the structure of family, medicine, and tradition in which the narrator finds herself trapped. . Wallpaper is residential and humble, and Gilman skillfully utilizes this nightmarish, terrible paper as an image of the local life that traps such a significant number of women.

The Puerto Act - 856 Words

The RICO act was signed in to law enforcement in 1970 by the acting commander in chief Richard Nixon. RICO was enacted as title XI of the organized crime act and started off in full swing with the Mafia growing more powerful than the public really knew. RICO was a total game changer, not just for the gangster, but the people they so often did their dirty work with. RICO has a multitude of ways someone can by charged with a crime of racketeering. Racketeering its self, is really an umbrella of more than about 50 plus different crimes. Under RICO any person that has committed two or more racketeering offense in the last decade can be charged using the RICO act to help. Originally enacted to bring down the Cosa Nostra from running their criminal enterprise, but in order to do so â€Å"the head of the snake had to be cut off† as said by Rudy Giuliani. The bosses of the mob never got their own hands dirty they were always the ones giving orders in privet meetings with their worker men, so tying the bosses to the crimes being committed on the street was near, if not completely imposable. The best way to the damning information and evidence is; wire taps, recordings and records of all kinds. Before you can just intrude in to someones personal life like that you need a court order, because as Americans we have rights and the 4th amendment protects us from such invasion criminal or not. Before a judge will sign off on a title XI you must have hard evidential prof that someone hasShow MoreRelatedPuerto Rico And The United States1557 Words   |  7 PagesPuerto Rico, whose word meaning is â€Å"rich port† in Spanish, is a beautiful Island located in the middle of the Caribbean. Its strategic location made it a must have territory to the Spaniards who colonized it over four hundred years before the United States took a special interest. 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Coming Of Age Essay Example For Students

Coming Of Age Essay When a boy loses his parents he is forced to become a man. Both Empire of the Sun and Night have a character, who goes through the hard times of a war camp during World War II and is forced to grow beyond his years to survive. In Empire of the Sun, written by J.G. Ballard, the protagonists name is Jim, and in Night, written by Elie Wiesel, the protagonists name is Elie. There is also a very prevalent controlling idea; this idea connects the two stories together. The idea is that the loss of ones parents forces children to tackle new and much more mature problems and struggles in their own lives. In these stories one can see two young boys become men from the separation from their parents.First, take the young Jewish boy Elie. This young boy is compelled to grow up because of the harsh conditions he endures and the fact that he has no parents to help him through it. Elie is forced to live in a concentration camp and be separated from his sister and mother. Later Elie becomes separated from his father after his fathers death. He is then forced to grow up so he can survive. Elie must make the choice as to whether or not he wants to continue like this. He is driven to become much stronger and he then questions his faith. He asks God what he did to deserve this. He also learns to hold his tongue. When a young girl is being raped by the boss of the factory, he learns to keep his mouth shut because if he does not he will be beaten. He also is witness to two very gruesome hangings. The second hanging seems even more grotesque than the first because the victim is only a child, described as a sad-eyed angel. The hanging even seems to bother the SS, who are more preoccupied, more disturbed than usual. And to make matters worse, the childs neck is not broken in the hanging. He must choke to death, a process that takes more than half an hour. Dealing with very meager amounts of food is just another issue Elie is forced to deal with. Elie is fed mere soup, which is more of a broth, to put it nicely. These examples easily paint the picture of what life was like to Elie on a day to day basis. Forced to grow up quickly because of the separation from his parents, Empire of the Sun is the story of an English child in Shanghai during World War II. The child, Jim is separated from his parents following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He grows up in a prison camp and adapts to the war and by the end of the book it is all he knows. Soon after being separated he meets an American named Basey. Both Basey and Jim are then forced into the Japanese war camp. There with his new friend and mentor he learns how to deal with real life issues, such as hunger and simply ways to just stay alive. Jim brings food and helps the sick and elderly, such as Mrs. Vincent and Mr. Maxted. He also gets a chance to see how brave and much he has matured when he stands up for Doctor Ransome when he is being beaten. Jim gets in the way of the Japanese officer and forces him either to stop or hit Jim. The officer then leaves the doctor alone. Jim goes from riding his bike around Amherst Avenue, the street his house is located on, to dodging bullets and watching bombs explode in the distance. In conclusion, both of these stories, Empire of the Sun and Night, show how small, innocent children turn into old, worn men. The boys must mature because they have to take care of themselves; they no longer have parents to do it for them. During war the loss of ones parents forces children to become adults. .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .postImageUrl , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:hover , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:visited , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:active { border:0!important; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:active , .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c8ece6178a0d82dc009b8f57f6acbed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiv And Aids Essay

Case Study Of Child Abuse Counselling †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of Child Abuse Counselling. Answer: The case study reveals the fact that Jimmy shows abnormal and aggressive behaviors towards everyone, which points out that he might be suffering from some sort of behavioral disorders. Behavioral disorders are childhood can be due to many factors like bullying at schools, abusive behavior of parents towards children and lack of affection and love (Parkinson, 2013). It is evident from the case study that Jimmy had been an unwanted child for his father, as he refers him to be an accident. A record of abusive behaviors can be taken very well from the neighbors. Information regarding McLeod's family situation can be collected from some of the other neighbors, Jimmy's school educator, Jimmy's friends and their parents. In order to arrange initial meetings with the clients certain steps have to be considered:- Preparatory activities: - A counselor should review the history of the preset concerns related to Jimmy McLeod. It is necessary to chalk down the timings or meeting each of the clients. The meeting time and the place should be decided by the client as per their convenience. A telephone survey can also be useful in conducting interviews with a large number of people (Goldman Grimbeek, 2015). A questionnaire should be prepared to have a clear preparation about what to be asked to the client. Probable questionnaire:- How long do you have known McLeod? Do you communicate to them often? How long do you know Jim, share some of his characters or attitudes? Do you know Mr. McLeod? How does he get along with his kids? Have you ever seen Mr. McLeod hanging out with Jimmy? Or how was his attitude towards him? Have you ever heard something unusual? How does Jimmy get along with his brothers? What do you think can be the probable reasons for Jimmys aggressive behavior? How does Jimmy perform in classes? Does he always exhibit such kind of aggressive behaviors? Engagement- The way of talking would be absolutely non-hostile for building up a rapport with the client, such that genuine information can be obtained. It is necessary to record the perspectives of the neighbors about child abuse. Documentation of the responses- All the responses should be documented electronically such that they can be produced as evidences if any legal proceedings needs to be covered. The collection and the storage of the data should comply with the established legislation of privacy and confidentiality. Before the collection of the information, consents should be taken from the clients and they should be informed about the reasons for the interviews (Mealer Jones, 2014). According to the Privacy Act, an individuals consent is required before collecting any information ("Privacy law| Office of the Australian Information Commissioner - OAIC", 2018). All the pros and the cons of the interview and the reason behind the conduction of the interview should be informed off. One of the ethical dilemmas that can arise is that all the information will be obtained without letting the McLeods know anything. Hence a client might find him or her getting into their personal matter. Hence, the neighbors should also be informed about the norms about child abuse and the consequences and the anonymity of the respondants has to be maintained. Disclosure of any sources of information to the McLeods regarding their neighbors is strictly prohibited as per the law. Questions that may involve deception and unusual psychological stresses should be avoided (Mealer Jones, 2014). References Goldman, J. D., Grimbeek, P. (2015). Preservice teachers sources of information on mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse.Journal of child sexual abuse,24(3), 238-258. Graycar, R. (2012). Family law reform in Australia, or frozen chooks revisited again?.Theoretical Inquiries in Law,13(1), 241-269. Mealer, M., Jones, J. (2014). Methodological and ethical issues related to qualitative telephone interviews on sensitive topics.Nurse Researcher (2014+),21(4), 32. Parkinson, P. (2013). The idea of family relationship centres in Australia.Family Court Review,51(2), 195-213. Privacy law| Office of the Australian Information Commissioner - OAIC. (2018).Oaic.gov.au. Retrieved 11 February 2018, from https://www.oaic.gov.au/privacy-law/ Rogers, A., Pilgrim, D. (2014).A sociology of mental health and illness. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Searching for Angela Shelton Essay Example

Searching for Angela Shelton Essay In the film Searching for Angela Shelton, a woman named Angela Shelton travels around the continental United States searching for and surveying other Angela Shelton’s. While surveying these other women she learns that twenty four out of the forty she spoke to are survivors of sexual abuse, domestic violence and rape. One woman she spoke to lived in the town that the host Angela’s sexually abusive father lives in, and she tracks sexual predators for a living. Angela’s journey is about self fulfillment and breakthrough. The documentary gives Angela the strength to confront her father about his abusive past with her and her siblings on Fathers Day. Searching for Angela Shelton was a scientific study of female victims of crime, solely because she was only surveying other females with the same name. The movie is a real eye opener to the amount of sexual crime that really exists in the world. There were of course Angela Shelton’s she spoke with that were not victims. Sixteen of the Angela Shelton’s she spoke to have not been victims of sexual abuse/crimes or domestic abuse. The abuse that some of the Angela’s went through was indescribable. One victim couldn’t even bring herself to talk about it and self medicated with copious amounts of alcohol, she was quoted as saying â€Å"I’m lower than a dog†. The host Angela told of how her father used to make her â€Å"Jerk him off† and allowed her brother to â€Å"run around the house with a broom handle up his ass† When it comes to the question â€Å"Is each of the victimizations unique or do we find patterns in the victimizations experienced? † the answer is both. Often times a sexual predators will have a pattern that can be either easily identified or take professional analysis. Other times the victimization is unique. Unique victimizations may be caused by the predator planning out an attack. Crimes like the ones described in the movie impact different victims on different levels. Some victims may blame themselves and not report it. Some victims may completely repress it as though it never happened while others may be haunted for the rest of their lives or medicate themselves with harmful substances like I mentioned earlier. We will write a custom essay sample on Searching for Angela Shelton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Searching for Angela Shelton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Searching for Angela Shelton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This film undoubtedly contributes to the understanding of crime victims. It shows them others that are in or have been in the same situation they are and how others deal it. If the women identified in the movie were interviewed by the CVS I feel as though most of them would not report their crimes. Many of the women have found their own way to get past and deal with what has happened to them and would just be happier to let it settle without going to court. Others may seek out their proper justice but I feel as though more women would not report them. My emotions while watching this movie were those of disgust for the perpetrators and those of empathy for the victims. I am left with questions after watching this film like â€Å" How many mes out there are sexual predators† and â€Å" Why would a woman want to reveal her past like this to the general public† but after writing this paper I’ve realized that this film has helped her move on and help others move on as well.

You Are Essays - Alright, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

You Are Essays - Alright, Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers You Are To you you are nothing To me you are everything To you you are confided To me you are no higher To you you are alright To me you are so bright To you I am everything To me you are everythin To me you are everything Bibliography Dallas crocker cool daddy

Does CCTV reduce crime Critically discuss Essay

Does CCTV reduce crime Critically discuss - Essay Example There exist such measures, which have proved to be very useful for personal security. Some of the widely used methods of private security include security alarms, door obstacles, fences, and closed circuit televisions. Hess (2009, p.3) asserts, â€Å"Private security meets the needs of individuals, businesses, institutions and organizations that require more protection than is offered by public police officers†. Before going into the discussion regarding crime reduction/ prevention and using closed circuit televisions to effectively reduce the crime rate, let us get a better understanding of what crime prevention actually is. Crime prevention is an attempt to either prevent the crimes or decrease the level of criminal acts in any specific area or a country. Hayes (1997) found that crime prevention involves design and deploying of protective people, processes, and strategies. These strategies are implemented in various judicial and extra judicial settings. The main goal of any crime prevention strategy is not only to secure the lives and properties of the public but also to eliminate those reasons, which act as the root cause for any sort of unlawful activity. Crime prevention is extremely important for the safety and security of the public. Reducing the risk of victimization is one of the basic objectives of crime prevention. Tilley (2005) found that crime prevention means to reduce the cri me rate and event disorders through implementation of effective crime prevention strategies. Crime rate decreases in a country when the government of that country takes appropriate steps to prevent or reduce the risk of victimization by reducing the crime opportunities for the criminals. If we want to reduce the level of crime rate, we must implement a well-planned crime prevention strategy. Citizens of a country should not just rely on the services provided by the public police. They should also take proper security

Journal of Korean film Bedevilled (2010) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal of Korean film Bedevilled (2010) - Essay Example Cruelty of people, gendered violence, city and rural ways of being is remained to be the central problems that are involved into the film. It is possible to highlight two basic figures in the film that develop a plot and action. These are considered to be women those names are Hae-won and Pong-nam (Cho, 139-140). They have different characters and different faiths, but they both are presupposed to cruelty to some extent. The first one is represented as a cold lady with a severe and even brutal character. She works in a bank, lives in a big city, but is tired from all of this. She is used to behave impertinent and rude with all people around her. The moment that she becomes a witness of a crime and does nothing for the help of unfortunate woman proves the indifference and cruelty of her soul. Even when Hae-won’s old friend asks for the help she refuses despite the fact that she has been willing to provide it. The second woman represents the images of victim and murderer. This woman lives in a rural landscape and suffers from sexploitation and other bullying from people around her. Moreover, that is considered to be her husband, brothers and old women. Her soul is full of pain and infliction. Still, the patience of Pong-nam comes to an end when she loses her daughter and gets a refusal to save her from this hell. Since this moment Pong-nam becomes a murder. The thirst for revenge seizes this woman and she starts to requite for all pain that has been inflicted to her. In addition, it is relevant to admit the contrast between the settings that are represented in the film. The plot of â€Å"Bedevilled† develops in a huge city Seoul and rural place Moodo. Through these images it is possible to parallel civilized society and uncivilized one. City is viewed as a place where people can earn a lot of money and live better, while countryside is represented as a terrible and awful

Poetry Analysis Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The speaker is conversing from beyond the grave and describing the journey she undertook with death. The speaker is now a ghost and journeys through the life before and after death together with death. Death is personified and appears to be travelling along with the speaker from life to afterlife. The setting of the poem keeps changing since the speaker and death are on a journey, which begins when the speaker is picked by death for what seems like an adventure. This paper focuses on analyzing the poem by explaining the different themes within the poem, which include mortality, immortality, love, and spirituality. This paper also seeks to analyze the different figures of speech such as personification, alliteration, and rhymes used by the author to emphasize on the themes. The poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† attempts to display the cycle of life. This statement depicts the speaker to have been too busy to notice the presence of death. The poem however analyses t he cycle from behind as it starts with the death. The lines â€Å"We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground† (Dickinson, 2011, para. 5) describe the dwelling of the speaker, which shows that she is already dead and buried. The Statement â€Å"The Carriage held but just ourselves –/ and Immortality† (Dickinson, 2011, para 1) is used to depict a period or loneliness and isolation from the world. In this statement, the immortality is personified such that it appears to be accompanying the author. The author also attempts to demonstrate the loneliness that death brings. She then moves to the stage of childhood when she says â€Å"At Recess – in the Ring.† (Dickinson, 2011, para.3) This depicts the author is recalling and describing the prime years of life.  After this stage of delight, a stage full of uncertainty follows which the poet describes as he â€Å"Dews drew quivering and Chill –For only Gossamer, my Gown† ( Dickinson, 2011, para. 4). Some of the uncertainties characterizing this stage include unfulfilled needs. The speaker’s gown is not sufficient to protect her from the cold. â€Å"We slowly drove- He knew no haste† (Dickinson, 2011, para. 2) depicts death as a forward but slow process, which is like a long journey. Personification is used to emphasize the slowness of death. The main themes discussed in this poem include mortality, immortality, spirituality, and love. The theme of mortality gyrates throughout the poem since the poem is a depiction of the speaker’s attitude towards death. The speaker talks of â€Å"A Swelling of the Ground-† (Dickinson, 2011, para.5) indicating presence of a grave. The theme of immortality become evident as the speaker is already dead and yet revisits her before death, which indicates existence of afterlife. The line â€Å"Surmised the Horses’ Heads- Were toward Eternity –† (Dickinson, 2011, para.6) show s belief in life after death. The word Eternity is capitalized to indicate the place the author is travelling towards in her journey. The theme of spirituality in the poem is portrayed by use of a ghost speaker. Thus, the author must have been religious. The theme of love is evident when the speaker appears to be on a date with death though the theme is not clearly spelt. The author has utilized figurative language such as alliteration, repletion, symbolism, anthropomorphism, personification, paradox, and metaphor to accentuate the different themes. â€Å"And Immortality†

The Production Of Ammonium Nitrate

The Production Of Ammonium Nitrate Moreover, the emission of SO2, NH3 and NO in the atmosphere and particular matter of the secondary compound can form also ammonium nitrate. At room temperature and standard pressure, the ammonium nitrate looks like white crystalline solid. The three figures below show the structure formula, and ball-stick model of the crystal structure of ammonium nitrate. Ammonium-nitrate-xtal-3D-balls-A.png Marketing the ammonium nitrate as fertilizer became famous worldwide since 1920s. Than the market started to become low in 2001 and 2002 due to the security concern that followed in September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center which made it very difficult to produce, transport and handle ammonium nitrate. After that, because of the changes that accrued in agricultural subsidy policies, urea has become the most important compound. This is because urea has miner safety issues, higher nitrogen fertilizer content, and it is less expensive to manufacture. In 2004, the consumption of ammonium nitrate started to improve. The ammonium nitrate is concentrated so the amount of ammonium nitrate present is more than in a given quantity of solvent such as water, NH3 and HNO3. This process is done in an evaporator. The feed enter the evaporator tank which is supported with the re-boiler heat exchanger. The heat exchanger re-boiled the ammonium nitrate solution until the solvents such as H2O, NH3 and HNO3 evaporated leaving a more concentrated solution called melt ammonium nitrate. Usually the amount of melt ammonium nitrate melt resulting from the evaporator is 95% to 99.8%. In addition, the evaporated solvent will be recycled back to the CSTR. Additives such as magnesium oxide or magnesium nitrate which they are not widely used are sometimes added to the melt ammonium nitrate for many reasons. One of the reasons is to increase the crystalline transition temperature of the final ammonium nitrate solid product. Moreover, they are used to reduce the caking by removing the water or any other liquids, and to reduce the freezing point of molten ammonium nitrate to allow solidification to happen at a low temperature. The additive and the molten ammonium nitrate are mixed in a static mixer. The most common process to produce solid ammonium nitrate with the spherical shape is prilling process. A prill tower is used to produce the prills of solid ammonium nitrate. On the top of the prill tower, the concentrated melt of ammonium nitrate melt is sprayed, and on the bottom of the prill tower, an air is rising by a blower. The falling droplets of ammonium nitrate is cooled and solidified into a spherical prills when they are encounter to a rising air. Sometime the end products have low density prills due to the concentration of the molten ammonium nitrate. The low density prills have more porous than high density prills. Therefore, the prills will absorb moisture content more easily, and may cause lamps and product deterioration. Drying process by vaporization is required to remove water or any other liquid from the solid ammonium nitrate prills. In a static bed tower, the solid prills are placed there and from the bottom of the tower, a hot air is passed through the solid prills. The desired end product is spherical ammonium nitrate solid. However, the solid product may produce in variety of sizes. A screen process is needed to check consistently the sizes of the solid product to have only the required size. The off size prills are recycled back to the evaporation process. The right size prills send to a cooling process, where it cools down the end product for further operations. Coating process is needed to protect the product from agglomeration during storage and shipment. However, sometimes it is not needed. This is because the additives that were added before was melted before solidification. Therefore, there is no need to coat the products with clays or diatomaceous earth for product protection. Finally, the end products of ammonium nitrate solid prills are manufactured. Therefore, there are ready for storage or shipment by bulk or bags. 2. Production of granulated solid ammonium nitrate Processing granules solid ammonium nitrate is the same as the first production of prills of solid ammonium nitrate. However, this time instead of using prill tower, it uses rotary drum. This occurred by spraying concentrated ammonium nitrate in a rotating cylindrical drum onto small and fine particles of ammonium nitrate. As particular rotate in the rotary drum, layers of NH4NO3 are added to particles which form granules. The NH4NO3 solid will than goes to the scanner. The ammonium nitrate granules are cooled down to avoid lamps. The under-size granules are crushed and recycled back to the rotary drum as particles. On the other hand, the oversize granules are dissolved and recycled back to the solution process. 3. Ammonium nitrate solution process: Ammonia gas NH3 and nitric acid solution HNO3 is added to a neutralization reactor. This process is an exothermic neutralization reaction which produced ammonium nitrate solution with steam. Therefore, the reactor that used is jacket continues stirred tank reactor the resulting steam which is vapor water, ammonia, and nitric acid is send to the ammonium nitrate scrubber to remove it from the neutralization reactor. The steam can be purified or can be condensed than purified. In addition, the steam can be used in the evaporator to concentrate ammonium nitrate solution or a pre heater. . The resulting solution is send to random tank after the solution is cooled. Finally the product is shipped to other plants for further processing. The picture below shows the production of ammonium nitrate solution. Process selection: The most significant aim in producing ammonium nitrate is to enhance the properties of agriculture around the world as a fertilizer. It improves the growth of the plants, gives nutrition, and makes it healthy and free from diseases. It is cheap and available in agriculture stores. It can also be used in explosive, but it is very dangerous and risky. It affects the public safety in the country. Therefore, production of spherical solid ammonium nitrate process is the best selection than the others for many factors. Around 60% in the US and in other European countries companies produced solid ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 as a fertilizer. Moreover, granulation technique is old technique and it requires more complicated plants and a variety of equipments such as rotating drums, fluidized beds and more. Currently, there are no plants in Europe using this technique any more. Nowadays, most fertilizers companies use prill technique for the production of solid ammonium nitrate. Conclusion In brief, the production of ammonium nitrate was done by adding ammonia gas and nitric acid solution. The production of ammonium nitrate passed through three main unit operations, which they are neutralization, evaporation and solidification. The choice of the final product was influenced by the commercial matter. Chemical and physical properties ammonium nitrate shows how it can be used in industrial market. It can be used mostly in agriculture and as explosive agent. The aim of the process was to produce a spherical solid ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer to help improve the agriculture market. The prill tower was used instead of rotary drum to get the required end product. Some diagrams such as block flow diagram, process flow diagram and Aspen Hysys diagram was drown to shows the flow of the ammonium nitrate production.

The Effectiveness of Medical Marijuana Essay -- Drugs

Marijuana, also commonly referred to as pot, weed, cannabis, or a variety of other names, has been cultivated as early as 4000B.C. in China, from the hemp plant cannabis sativa (Miller, 2012). There have been reports of it being used for medicinal purposes dating as far back as 1500B.C. (ProCon.org, 2012a). Although cannabis contains a variety of different chemicals, the main, and most understood, ingredient is THC, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. The amount of THC in marijuana determines the drug’s strength and can be affected by the growing conditions. Marijuana is usually smoked by being rolled into â€Å"blunts† or â€Å"joints† or by being smoked through a pipe or bong. The difference between blunts and joints is that joints are rolled in cigarette paper, while blunts are wrapped in a cigar shell. Smoking is not the only route of administration. Often times marijuana is baked into brownies or other baked goods. Marijuana, in the form of baked goods, has become very widely used, so much in fact, that some high schools banned students from bringing baked goods from home (Villarosa, 2012). The legality of use of marijuana for recreational as well as medicinal purposes has been a controversial issue for a long time, dating as far back as 1913, and still remains a controversial issue today (Gieringer, 1999). So far, 16 states and Washington DC legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes, and 18 states are still pending legalization (ProCon.org, 2012b). Some major reasons why legalization of marijuana remains such a controversial issue is because of its previous advertisement as a drug that will cause you to be committed to a mental asylum and also the potential harmful side effects. A review of the FDA Adverse Events from 1... ...rce.php?resourceID=000145 ProCon.org. (2012a, March 8). Historical Timeline. MedicalMarijuana.ProCon.org. Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000143 ProCon.org. (2012b, March 9). 18 States with Pending Legislation to Legalize Medical Marijuana. MedicalMarijuana.ProCon.org. Retrieved from http://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002481 Solowij, N., Stephens, R., Roffman, R., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M., & ... Vendetti, J. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA: The Journal Of The American Medical Association, 287(9), 1123- 1131. Villarosa, L. (2012). Brooklyn Tech Students Broiling Mad over Baked Goods Ban. The Local. Retrieved from http://fort-greene.thelocal.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/brooklyn-tech- students-boiling-mad-over-baked-good-ban/

Unappropriate Tv Shows for Children

Unappropriate Television Shows Abstract Children are being influenced by television shows on a daily basis. Some children are watching inappropriate television shows such as SpongeBob, Fish Hooks, Family Guy, South Park, Ed, Edd, Eddy, Scooby-Doo, Boondocks and etc. These shows can affect children as they grow up in many ways such as using profanity, violent and aggressive behavior, poor school performance and watch too much television may cause a slight obesity. There are many educational television shows that are best for child to watch such as Barney, Blue’s Clue, Dora the Explorer and etc.Parent should also limit the amount of time children spend watching television. Monkey see, Monkey do Has your child ever said something to you and you were thinking, where did they get that from? Have the television shows that he or she watches daily ever come to your mind? Your child could be watching a television show that models inappropriate behaviors. I have experienced my nephew be ing influenced by SpongeBob and Family Guy. Recently, he was watching an episode and SpongeBob was calling himself and everybody an â€Å"idiot boy†, so my nephew began to call his mother and himself an â€Å"idiot†.He also started hitting himself on the forehead and saying he is stupid, which he also got from watching SpongeBob Square Pants. Research shows that children of the age two through ten should be playing sports, interacting with their peers or doing more gross motor activities. There are many ways television can affect children as they grow up such as watching television and video game that may influence kids between the age of two through ten by using profanity, violent and aggressive behavior, poor school performance and watch too much television may cause a slight obesity.It’s not so much that kids have changed, but the world is changing around them. Every day, children are being influenced by the world around them, and television is taking a big p art in it. Television programming is teaching children to do the things the show is displaying. A known saying is â€Å"Monkey see monkey do. † Suppose a child was saying inappropriate things and they were thinking it was fine to say it, because they didn’t know the real meaning of it. They also think they can say it because SpongeBob can.Now, you are left with no reason to tell them why they should not say it. The television shows that children are watching are influencing them to do the things they do, say the things they are saying, and try to have the same image as them. There are many different sources that can influence and or teach kids inappropriate actions such as video games, music videos, hearing things from adults but mainly television shows. Some television shows that are not appropriate are SpongeBob, Fish Hooks, Family Guy, South Park, Ed, Edd, Eddy, Scooby-Doo, Boondocks and etc.Parents may think that SpongeBob can be the best television show to watch, but at times SpongeBob can be inappropriate in many ways such as calling everyone an idiot, doing a wrong action by hitting his forehead calling his self â€Å"stupid†, and blanking out profanity. Also, Scooby Doo sometimes may scare children by having scary creature and monsters. Some television characters often depict risky behaviors such as drinking, smoking, and reinforce gender roles and racial stereotypes (How TV Affect Your Child).Most of these shows are mainly for entertainment and not for education so while kids are watching television they are just laughing when they really should be running to tell someone what they have learned while watching the show. There are a lot of educational shows on television that teaches kids valuable skills, such as their alphabet, and also counting. Those shows include Dora the Explorer, The Wiggles, Barney, Blue’s Clues, Sesame Street, Go Diego Go are extremely helpful in many ways. Barney is a very great show to watch.It is a show that teaches kids to show respect to an adult and it also teaches you to have manners. Blue’s Clues is also a great source because they teach kids to identify patterns and the opposites from two objects. Television shows have a powerful impact on young viewers in our society. When does it all start? More than 98 percent of homes in America have at least one television, and 25 percent of all households purchase a new model each year, according to the Consumer Electronics Association (Television can harm children literally).Some children were sat in front of the television to get their attention, sometime to fall asleep, to calm down or stop them from crying. Parents usually sit babies in front of the television so they can finish home chores. Parents may start having them watch television at the age of eight to ten months. Normally, there is not an affect or impact on babies. As they start to grow older and also smarter young children of one to three years of age start t o love to watch television show. Also, television starts to become a child’s daily routine and they start to have a favorite television show and character.As they get to be the age of five to seven and are enrolled in some schooling and they start to watch every television show and they start to want every item or merchandise with their favorite television show or characters. From the age of eight to ten, their television shows starts to become a lot more inappropriate and they no longer watch SpongeBob, Family Guy, or South Park. They may start to play video games which may also influence bad images and language. Our youth are also exposed to violent words, music, and images every day and it should be stopped. But how? How is there such a big impact on them just because of watching television?Television can affect learning and school performance if it interferes with the time kids need for activities crucial to healthy mental and physical development. Some shows (SpongeBob) teaches that it is fine to commit an inappropriate action because there will not be a punishment and kids feel that if they do the same thing as their favorite character from the program who committed the crime they will be a hero. Researchers have identified three potential responses to media violence in children: increase fear, desensitization to real life violence, and increase aggressive behavior.It may desensitve kids so much they think it is okay and no big deal for somebody to be hit or to hit someone in the head with a hammer. Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior, but also fear that the world is scary and that everyday something bad will happen. Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images aren’t real does not help because kids under age eight can’t always tell the difference between fantasy and reality (Television and Children).When watching a televis ion shows usually every episode has a bad situation or a lot of drama in it so kids will start to have that mind frame that things will happen to them just like on the show. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids under two years old not watch any television and that those older than two watch no more than one to two hours a day of quality (How TV Affect Your Child). Children who watch too much television don’t get as much physical activity and do not explore new activity, according to Family Education Network.Television viewing has been linked to violent or aggressive behavior, sleep problems, substance abuse, poor school performance, and obesity (How TV Affect Your Child). Most children who watch the inappropriate shows are most likely to hit their playmates and argue. This issue of violent which media have the greatest impact on many people only on television many children today may be more influences by video games and computers games. There are many things parents can do for their child to help them do well in school and also not be addicted to television.Children that is too young to enroll into preschool yet spend a lot of time out of the day watching television, playing outside, or sleeping. While watching television, they should watch educational shows that may broaden their knowledge to be ready for preschool. Some educational television shows can be very helpful in many ways. Some programs combine entertainment and education to help children learn to identify characters, shapes, colors, sequence numbers, and phonics skills. Active parents should set limits, participate, monitor, analyze, and be good leaders.Parents can set many of limits in the child’s life but when watching television it is very good to set limits on how long they can watch television and what shows they can watch. Some parents do not always participate with their children. When a child is watching television, the parents should watch the show wi th them, sing alone, and interact with the show. Parents should always monitor what their child is watching. Before you allow your child to watch a show; the parent should watch a couple episode of the show and give it an approval. Every child looks up to their parents and to do or be just like them.Parents should always watch what they say or do because your child could be over listening to what you are saying and do or say that same thing that they heard their parents displaying. Parents should ask their children what are they watching and what the show is about. When your child is studying or having family meals and are not paying attention it is best to turn the television off. As much as possible encourage your kids to be involved in hobbies, sports, and peers with proper guidance, your child can learn to use television in a healthy and positive way.TV viewing is probably replacing activities in your child’s s life that you would rather have them do things such as playin g with friends, being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework, doing chores (Television and Children). Television is not always a negative influence to young viewers, there is strong evidence that children’s shows that were developed to teach educational and social skills which can help children learn well.Educational shows will expand a child knowledge but not only are they getting entertainment but they are learning their numbers, recognizing letters, and valuable skills. Sometime it is good to get some entertainment when watching television. What a child learns during his young years may affect his childhood and their older years. There are many ways such as watching television, video game, hearing what other adults may say that may influence kids bat the age of two through ten by television programming. Young children are easily influenced by the media.Children will soon find a favorite character then start to look up to them a s a hero or a role model. If that character is displaying an inappropriate behavior the child will soon imitate the character action. The goal is to keep young children active, in shape, and to have great school performance. Works Cited Anonymous. â€Å"An annotated bibliography: Television can harm children – Literally. † The Consumer’s Medical Journal Issue 94 (2006): 15. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . The article give statics, give advice from Pediatricians on what parents should do when children love to always watch TV. Pediatricians at the at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas reviewed a year’s worth of emergency department cases of children who had been injured by TV sets toppling over, usually because of a climbing toddler or because someone accidentally knocked over the set.More than 98 percent of homes in America have at least one television, and 25 percent of all households purchase a new model e ach year, according to the Consumer Electronics Association. Adults need to be better educated about television’s potential harm, not just the content or programming but the physical danger of falling sets. Boyse, Kyla, and Brad Bushman. â€Å"Television and Children. † University of Michigan Health System. Regents of the University of Michigan, Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. .The article examines the effect of children when watching too much TV. It explains how it affects your child’s brain development, the aggressive and violent behavior. It also show how TV can scare children, affect they school performance, and affect their health. TV viewing is probably replacing activities in your child’s s life that you would rather have them do (things like playing with friends, being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework, doing chores. An average American child will see 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 murders on TV by age 18.Scary-looking things like grotesque monsters especially frighten children aged two to seven. Telling them that the images aren’t real does not help because kids under age eight can’t always tell the difference between fantasy and reality. Dowshen, Steven. â€Å"How TV Affect Your Child. † KidsHealth. The Nemour Foundation, Oct. 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. . The article discusses how you child is being influenced by television. This article gives parent advice on how parents should control who they view on TV and how long they should watch TV.Some TV shows a lot of violence, risky behavior, obesity, and the article also give some ways to practice good TV habits. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that kids under 2 years old not watch any TV and that those older than 2 watch no more than 1 to 2 hours a day of quality programming. Fields-Meyers, T, et al. â€Å"Kids out of Control. † Points of View Reference Center. EBSCO, 2004. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. This article gives information on what different family how experience well raising a child who loves watching inappropriate television shows.

TQM Research Paper

TQM Research Paper Introduction The past two decades have witnessed the rise and fall of countless short-lived fads. Some have attracted a flurry of book, articles, and seminars; others have been completely discredited. Businesses have realized that there is a need to restructure their business practices and become more customer-focused. All recent business approaches and techniques have generally aimed at improving performance, increasing profits, gaining market share, and most importantly satisfying the customer who has become more educated and more demanding than ever. In the last two decades two organizational development models have dominated the business world for a considerable period of time namely Total Quality Management (TQM) and Business Process Reengineering (BPR). Statement of Objective This paper aims to shed a novel light on the two most recent and prominent management approaches, namely TQM and BPR. In an attempt to examine the interaction between radical BPR and incremental TQM with respect to change management, I shall briefly discuss the two constructs and contemplate the roots and basic tenets that underlie each. BPR has been referred to in the literature as the successor of TQM and has been treated as an equal. I shall treat the similarities and common grounds among the two, as well as the differences between them. Next, I shall touch upon the weaknesses and highlights that distinguish each, and then move on to construct an integrated model in an attempt to reconciliate the two opposing camps. In this model, BPR cannot withstand, but be an integrated part of the more comprehensive TQM effort, which is the broader platform for organizational change. As such, BPR is rendered as a technique to be employed under the more exhaustive TQM approach. I shall support my presentation by recent books and articles that have dealt with the issue, in addition to examples and case studies from the literature that have implemented change programs based on TQM and BPR principals. This research paper gains significance, as the debate is more heated than ever concerning the survival, decline, or assimilation of the two strategies. Total Quality Management Over the past 20 years, quality has been hailed as the key factor for success. However, the organizational world has been increasingly moving away from the traditional quality concept, as a function of inspection, control, audit, and review, as these are all now seen as non-value adding. Some of TQMs basic concepts came out of Bell Telephones labs in the early 1920s. Refined and developed by Deming, Juran, Crosby, and then Ishikawa and Taguchi, and later on others TQM calls for continually improving quality by using statistical measures to track, both, problems and the results of efforts to fix these problems. Edwards Deming, the guru of the quality approach, describes quality as having no meaning other than that defined by customer needs and desires. A satisfied customer is not enough, says Deming in one of his early lectures of the 1950s in Japan. Business is built on the loyal customer, one who comes back and brings a friend. A more recent definition of TQM offered by Almaraz in 1994 maintains that: TQM refers to a management process directed at establishing organized continuous improvement activities, involving everyone in an organization in a totally integrated effort toward improving performance at every level. The TQM philosophy provides the overall concepts that foster continuous improvement in an organization. This philosophy stresses a systematic, integrated, consistent, organization-wide perspective involving everyone and everything. It focuses primarily on the total satisfaction for both, internal and external customer, within a management environment that seeks continuous improvement of all systems and processes. The TQM philosophy emphasizes the use of al people, usually in multifunctional teams, to bring about improvement from within the organization. It stresses optimal life cycle cost and uses measurement within a disciplined methodology to target improvements. The prevention of defects and emphasis on quality in design are key elements of the philosophy. The elimination of losses and reduction of variability are important aims. Further, it advocates the development of relationships between all parties: employee, supplier, and customer. TQM provides a flexible, responsive managem ent approach able to act and react to all the forces of todays and tomorrows economic world. It focuses the resources of an organization on identifying and acting on the internal and external forces that will influence an organizations operations. TQM gears an organization toward continually improving quality, increasing productivity, and reducing costs to ease economic pressures. It focuses on total customer satisfaction through highest product and service quality at lowest life cycle costs to compete in the global environment. TQM stresses constant training and education, downsizing, and service value. A further understanding of Total Quality Management comes from the terms that make up the name. Total means total comprehensive participation, i.e., the involvement of everyone and everything in the organization in a continuous improvement effort. Quality is total customer satisfaction, whether internal or external customers. Management is the leadership of an organization that creates and maintains the TQM environment. The basis of quality in TQM is a process-based structure consistent with the Deming PDCA Cycle: Plan, Do, Check, Act. Although it has been recently suggested that TQM is Ð ¡outÐ ¢ or that it was essentially a 1980s phenomenon, the interest in TQM has scarcely subsided . Today such diverse practices are being done under the name of TQM that it seems to have lost its boundaries. Some consider TQM as a management attempt at cultural transformation and treat it as synonymous with cultural change and excellence. (12) Others consider it a method of cutting losses and, among other things, reducing waste and scrape while boosting customer satisfaction. There is no one agreed upon definition for TQM. Total Quality Management is both a philosophy and a set of guiding principles that are the foundation of a continuously improving organization. The terminology differs from one organization to another; however, there are four essential elements of all definitions of TQM and these are: continual improvement, people orientation, quantitative methods, and, last but not least, customer focus. TQM integrates fundam ental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under the disciplined approach focused on continuous improvement. TQM has been especially remarkable for its long tenure atop the heap and has been labeled King of the Hill. Business Process Reengineering Business reengineering is the concept of changing the fundamental way work is done in order to achieve radical performance improvement in speed, cost, and quality. The term BPR first appeared in the Information Technology (IT) field and was then used in the broader context of organizational change processes to refer to the use of modern information technology to radically redesign business processes. BPR will shatter assumptions and simplify processes utilizing IT as an enabler. According to its originators, Hammer and Champy, reengineering refers to the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. BPR can be better understood by analyzing the terms of its original definition. Fundamental rethinking is the reconsideration of the basic questions of why do they [organizations] do what they do? And why do they do it the way they do? Radical redesign means uprooting the old and creating new structures and processes. As such reengineering is about reinventing the business and not improving or modifying it. Dramatic refers to the achievement of quantum leaps rather than incremental improvements in BPR application, which demand blowing up of the old and replacing it with something new. Hammer and Champy define the fourth term, business process, as a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer. BPR is, above all, an improvement philosophy. It aims to achieve step improvements in performance by redesigning the critical processes through which an organization operates, maximizing their value added content and minimizing everything else. This approach can be applied to an individual process or to the whole organization.(the essence of BPR:20) Povey explains that the basic premise of BPR, the rapid redesign of critical core processes of an organization, generates breakthrough improvements in the performance and result in a competitive advantage in the global market place. Hammer and Champy speak of three types of organization that undertake reengineering.. The first is the desperate type, in which crisis management has taken control in an organization whose costs keep piling up, products and services keep falling behind, and nothing seems to be going right. The second type is the organization that is not facing any immediate threat, but would want to improve its status before b eing caught up in the storm. The third type includes organizations that are ambitious and aggressive. They want to enhance their performance and get a better leverage over their competitors. Reengineering requires a shift to process orientation, teamwork, IT, and customer focus. Some good BPR tools include process mapping, value analysis, and half-life principle. The reengineering effort is characterized by focusing n process mapping, product and process elimination, process simplification and integration, process improvement, teamwork, and the active leadership and participation of top management in change. Recent field studies have provided evidence that reengineering, is applicable, without any variations to the concept, to all types of organizations, be they manufacturing, service, non-profit, private, or public. I. TQM BPR: Common Grounds and Similarities Before trying to point out the differences between TQM and BPR, it is more useful to find the similarities. These points represent a wide viewpoint and are meant to highlight the broad commonalties between the two approaches, not to suggest that BPR and TQM are similar in their application methodologies. It is worth to note that while BPR and TQM share many of the same dimensions and goals, the two are not mutually exclusive and need to be done jointly. A. Quality Improvement and Process focus: Both, TQM and BPR, are quality movements that seek to enhance an organizations capabilities for the future. Quality goals concentrate on the reduction of variation in processes and the application of effective measurement systems. Customers play a central role in being the determining factor of the standards of quality. In todays world, quality is in the eyes of the beholder, i.e., the customer. It is the customers perception that counts. BPR has much in common with TQM in hs respect. The definition of the process to be reengineering is in part a technical matter, concerning judgements about where the problem actually lies in the light of available information. Within the organization, this customer-defined quality is translated into process-focus. At the heart of TQM is the idea that improvement comes from addressing the processes, which deliver the defective or inadequate end-results, rather than on concentrating on the results themselves. As for BPR, the process focus is an intrin sic paradigm of the reengineering strategy. Critical success factors are used to identify the organizations core processes, which will undergo redesign. Conformance quality (meeting customer requirements) and perceived quality (exceeding customer requirements) improve profitability. Reducing waste and increasing productivity are natural by-products of a systematic process of quality improvement. As such, both TQM and BPR aim at improving an organizations operations to enhance its ability in delivering quality products and services with the ultimate aim of augmenting productivity, increasing profitability, and gaining market share. B. Top Management Support: Setting the stage for quality improvement involves everything that the business does from becoming aware of the need for significant change to establishing a commitment to actually follow through. The desire to actually deliver quality involves senior managements initiation and continued commitment, constituting the basic drive behind the whole process. It involves goal setting, barrier reduction, training, and leadership. Setting the stage means that one must create an environment in which business improvement is encouraged and nourished. A vision of change for quality must accompany such efforts and be dispersed through out the organization. As management establishes the vision of what it wants to accomplish and where it wants to go, it must put in place support systems to help employees understand and implement the forthcoming change. To ensure positive results, steering performance must be consistent with the vision. Without executive sponsorship, the quest for quality, whether in TQM or BPR, is a joke. Leadership is the most important ingredient for launching and sustaining a quality improvement process. Leaders of firms need to establish clear, result-oriented goals and communicate their expectations. Management has the total responsibility for effective management of its quality campaign. Top management must take part in a companys quality operation and to guide its quality systems. Executive commitment is not only about management, but also about leadership. Leaders establish unity of purpose, direction, and create an environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organizations benefit. The role of management can be sensed in every step along the way. It provides leadership, develops the vision, establishes objectives, pursues strategy, establishes and monitors planning, monitors implementation, provides policy, conveys commitment, assures resources, eliminates barrier s, participates, appoints responsibilities, assures customer satisfaction, presents information and the list goes on and on. Senior managements role is to lead the change, not to manage it. It is responsible for shaking the barriers, i.e. removing road-blocks set up within the organization by people opposing change. Senior management must provide inspirational vision of the ultimate goal to be achieved C. Serious investment in the human resource: Empowerment, Teamwork, Training For any quality campaign to be successful, you need top-down active leadership that facilitates real change and a bottom-up quality management improvement process in order to achieve real sustainable bottom line results. Managements role is to invest in the campaign by motivating and involving others through broadening the ownership base of the idea. Only when employees develop a sense of ownership, will they embark upon it with true enthusiasm and motivation. Ownership must ultimately rest with the line operations in terms of engagement and accountability, for it is this human element of the organization that will ultimately deliver the quality and present the organizations image to the final customer. Delivery of quality implies a commitment and dedication, not only by senior management, but also by every single person within the organization, and sometimes outside of it. Harnessing the skills and enthusiasm of everyone is conditioned on providing employees with the adequate skills, tools, and authority to adapt to and adopt their new roles. TQM and BPR rely for their success on an active subject with interpretive powers. Empowerment and other associated ideas such a participative management, delegation of authority, and decentralization are based on placing responsibility for making decisions in the hands of workers. As one CEO put it: we are only as good as our employees and our employees are as good as we allow them to be. Despite the risks associated, such concepts have proved to boost job satisfaction, increase motivation, reduce absenteeism, lower turnover, and improve the work environment. Empowerment is not optional, rather a pre-requisite and can be considered one of the basic pillars of both technique. Hammer and Champy assert that empowerment is an unavoidable consequence of the reengineering project. Nevertheless, such concepts are under u sed during application phase of BPR, resulting in various people related problems. From the concept of empowerment follows the concept of group-work or teamwork. Teamwork is a technique where by individual members of a team work together to achieve a common goal. Teams are an essential structural ingredient of both approaches. Teams are needed to meet the challenges of the environment. The increased value placed on empowering employees as a means of improving productivity while simultaneously improving employee satisfaction leads to increased reliance on teams. Employees need to work together to meet new challenges. The theme is central to both TQM and BPR, as it aids communication, improves cooperation, reduces internal competition and duplication of effort, and maximizes talents of employees on a project. Teams are a vital management tool given that collaborative decision making allows for creativity. The need for fewer layers of management and more information for better communication and more efficiency will arise. Decreasing hierarchy will also remove organiza tional blockages to critical change. Hence, employee empowerment will facilitate and quicken the pace of work. Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric and leader of its rebirth in the 1980s and the 1990s, has become the spokesperson for organizational change. He described the critical importance of cross-functional teams and project teams in the new flattened architecture of GE with fewer layers of management. Cross-functional teams are essential to implement the new managerial role to yield increased value to customers. Teams go hand in hand with managements assumptions of its new role and flattened organizational culture. As such, reorienting an organization towards quality requires teamwork, both horizontally and vertically, given the fact that teamwork can be very powerful as weaknesses and strengths of individuals are balanced, brainstorming enhanced, and skills and knowledge concentrated. It is vital to build profound knowledge in teams about the business, customers, associates, b est practices, technology, and other factors related to the organization. As such, training is a must. Learning must precede thinking and a solid foundation for creative thinking need be established through benchmarking. In his book, The Circle of Innovation, Tom Peters speaks of the eraser mania. The problem with moving on is not about learning new things, but about forgetting the old ones. Organizations are so intent on pushing forward with the new that they forget to help employees let go of the old, thus, overlooking the personal losses of employees involves with change. They often hold on, resisting change. The reasons for this resistance include perceived loss of identity, value and worth in the eyes of the organization, disorientation, and the risk of failure. Continually training and educating employees is necessary due to the pace of change in todays world, not to mention a TQM or BPR undertaking. Providing training is imperative, especially in the area of team member effectiveness that focuses on skills of active listening, resource sharing, conflict resolution, negotiation, and interpersonal skills including how to handle contributions, input, and feedback from others about the work. At th e same time, upper level management may require training in self-directed team activities to understand what their employees are doing. While an organization may have had in place an extensive training program prior to TQM or BPR, there is no guarantee that the program in place will focus on the skills and abilities needed after the change has occurred. Training should focus on both the technical abilities in the new roles as well as interpersonal skills. Training on teamwork, trust, and decision-making must be emphasized to aid employees in adapting to their new roles. Enhanced individual skills and attributes will better enable teams to be more flexible and responsive to change. Successful change attempts are heavily dependent on training the human resource. An organization stands and falls with the people in it. It is therefore imperative to understand and anticipate individuals expectations, emotions and behavior. This includes managing for fear and resistance to change. Communication is crucial factor not only to an organizations employees, but also to all its stakeholders, including owners, external customers, suppliers, press, Еetc. These aspect are frequently neglected in implementation of TQM, and more so in BPR. While these are intrinsic aspects of the Total Quality Approach, they are only marginal where BPR is concerned. In comparison with TQM, BPR under-rates the Ð ¡humanÐ ¢ dimension. C. Metrics and Measurement: The selection and application of relevant performance metrics is critical to achieving success. Performance metrics must fit the business objectives and must be customer focused and driven. Todays quality standards are defined by the customers whose needs, desires, and expectations vary considerably. As such, a company should use the same measures as their customers in order to create a common ground for evaluating performance. Results should be directly measurable in terms of customer satisfaction, process cost, process quality, process speed, and ultimately in increased shareholder value and capital creation. II. TQM vs. BPR: Strategy Differences A. Radical vs. Incremental The major substantial difference between TQM and BPR, it has been argued, is the principle of radicalization. This Ð ¡radicalÐ ¢ element of BPR change is a striking departure from the incremental change of TQM projects. Process reengineering approaches process improvement in a drastic manner wiping out the old and putting in place new processes. While process management is based on the concept of continuous, evolutionary improvement, process reengineering searches for breakthrough improvements and revolutionary methods for doing work. To encourage a radical organizational rethink, the starting point for reengineering is a blank sheet of paper. The reengineering effort tears apart the current process and systematically rebuilds it. Continuous improvement of TQM responds to growing customer needs and expectations and ensures a dynamics evolution of the quality management systems in a slow, but sure mode. The pace of reengineering is ambitious, in comparison with TQMs conventional cha nge programs. B. Innovation vs. Improvement: The other major difference between TQM and BPR has to do with the level of change. A number of authors view organizational improvement activities as points on a continuum ranging from incremental improvement to radical change. Due to its focus on existing processes, TQM will rarely lead to radical innovation; rather it brings about change in a snowball effect so that the end result shows significant departure from the initial state of affairs; but still change and improvement are no more than incremental. It is within this context that the debate arises as to whether or not BPR, as a vehicle of radical change and innovation, is becoming a substitute for the incremental improvement of TQM. The logic behind it is that as the external environment is becoming more volatile and a more radical approach to change is needed. The clean slate approach in implementing BPR is in itself a thrust for creative thinking. Separating those responsible for scrutinizing the process from those charged wi th identifying the role of IT guards against any biases or hindrances created by current system limitations, processes, people, or activities. The above argument leads to another theoretical debate concerning implementation and the relative merits of clean slate verses a dirty slate. While, in theory, the clean slate allows projects to be modeled without contamination from the status quo, the dirty slate approach is regarded as more pragmatic. Michael Hammer advocated beginning the reengineering process with a clean slate ignoring past business approaches and working toward a complete redesign of the entire organization. While this is the ideal approach, Hammer concludes that it may not be feasible in some organizations where limited resources demand that reengineering proceed one division at a time, beginning with the area of the organization that is most amenable to change; Davenport explains that while restricting possibilities for process innovation, and although more difficult in design, the dirty slate approach is more realistic, financially viable, and easier to implement. One thing is for sure, BPR, most definitely, does not mean tinkering with what already exists or making incremental changes that leave basic structures intact. C. Risk and Pay-back Period: The pace of reengineering is ambitious, in comparison with TQMs conventional change programs. As such, high risk due to radical change is a natural consequence of BPR. Reengineering programs promise significant benefits higher margins, lower expenses, and improved productivity, to name a few. But these efficiencies are seldom gained without trade-offs. The sweeping changes brought about by reengineering cannot fail to influence a companys risk profile. Risk managers need to devise training programs that will help minimize the impact of change. Reengineering without training and education is unthinkable. Risk management is an inherent part of reengineering. Companies must assess the risks associated with changing business processes. TQM, in contrast to BPR, if of a much lesser risk. It involves neither the radical nor the dramatic changes that are an intrinsic part of BPR; rather TQM addresses the organization from a cultural standpoint that works on changing attitudes and behaviors over a long time period. A short-term focus in TQM weakens the organization and rarely ensures that the ultimate goal is achieved and sustained. It frustrates the people involved because they quickly realize that it takes time to develop the skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to make a difference to customers and to the bottom line. A long term focus, however, signals strong unwavering commitment and eventually wins over the people who must make it all happen. A long-term focus and a sense of urgency are entirely compatible attitudes in TQM and, in fact, are the right ones. BPR, on the other hand, is a one strike or one shot thing. Its relative short time frame results in quick outcomes, which renders it even more risky. TQMs incremental improvement-oriented changes are a long-term investment. Miraculous results will not appear overnight, especially because TQM is addressing a culture issue. Changing attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs is the most difficult and lengthy process and organization can undergo. D. Focus: Strategy and Customer TQM programs have highlighted the role of processes in delivering quality. In his book Out of Crisis, Deming stated, I should estimate that in my experience, most troubles and most possibilities for improvement add up to proportions like 94% that belong to the system and 6% to special causes. Peppard and Rowland explain that the systemÐ ¢ here refers to the process, i.e., the way things are done, and not who does them. However, TQM programs have placed greater emphasis on the people and techniques aspects rather than on the process elements. TQMs process focus is towards control and measurement so that variation could be eliminated and quality raised. Implementations of TQM programs, in addition, have often reinforced functional boundaries, overlaying the concept of the internal customer as a means of improving the process interfaces between departments. The clear focus of BPR is processes and minimizing the non-value added content in them. In his book Beyond Reengineering, Michael Hammer speaks of the shift to process centered organizations and explained that such a shift is about eliminating non-value adding work and establishing higher performance. Becoming process oriented is all about being customer outcome oriented. BPR seeks to generate ideal processes either from a clean slate design, or from systematic redesign of existing processes. The target of the organizational change is the business process, and not the organizational culture, as is the case with TQM. The effectiveness of the change effort can, thus, be assessed with respect to the performance of those processes, not with respect to changes in attitudes, values, and beliefs. As to the customer focus, Peppard and Rowland assert that while BPRs primary concern is the external customer, while TQM has introduced more than one type of customer s through the concept of the internal customer. III. Advantages and Disadvantages While most researchers and practitioners agree that failures of TQM and BPR, in most cases, are mainly due to misapplications, this does not abolish theory pitfalls. A review of the literature reveals the major strengths and weaknesses of TQM and BPR. Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages and bring about improvements, as well as handicaps. BPR rates highly in terms of innovation and IT utilization, while TQM provides the best practices for continuous improvement and customer satisfaction. A. BPR In addition to its dramatic quantum leaps, innovative opportunities, and short time frame, BPR possesses the privilege of exploiting Information Technology capabilities. However, its revolutionary nature can be very stressful on the human component of the organization and financially exhaustive. 1. Information Technology: BPR was the first large-scale systematic application of Information Technology (IT) to management. Information technology has become a key enabler for organizational change and is conceived as a mandatory component of all reengineering efforts. It is viewed as a one of the tools for achieving business process redesign. Information technology can provide help in managing large amounts if information efficiently. It can also provide significant improvements in operational performance by short-circuiting supply chains and industry value systems, and it can allow companies to re-consider their business scope. On an operational level, technological solutions can reduce manual work by creating electronic workflow and automating clerical routine tasks. IT also plays an important role in supporting knowledge workers by delivering information timely and accurately, and by facilitating communication and networking. 2. BPR and Downsizing BPR calls for making major changes to a businesss fundamental operations, with cost reduction as the primary goal. Because change associated with BPR often calls for reducing the number of workers, it has been closely associated with concepts like downsizing and rightsizing. The terms have been so confused, that many criticize BPR as resulting in corporate anorexia and hollow-shell-corporations the terms referring to organizations that have viewed BPR as a short-term way to boost profit by gutting a companys work force that it has lost its essential functions by such trimming. During implementation, BPR often translates into wholesale staff cuts. However, while downsizing may be an often-cited by-product of BPR projects, it definitely does not summarize the reengineering effort. Hammer did tackle this issue and has explained that downsizing and restructuring mean doing less with less, whereas reengineering means doing more with less. It is worth noting that, cost cutting approaches is a means for improving efficiency, but does not necessarily elevate effectiveness. 3. Neglecting the Human element The threats and risks that BPR brings along are scary to the people of the organization. Obliteration of existing processes as advocated by Hammer in his very first article on BPR is not only impractical, but also potentially disastrous and doomed to failure in the absence of a culture of change that soothes employees. Reengineering can impose a cultural upheaval on a company. In the absence of a clear vision, fear and turf protection become the main drivers of behavior as people worry that their skills become obsolete or will not be utilized in the new organization, thus loosing their jobs. Most cited BPR downfalls have been due to a failure of adequately addressing human resource questions and a general lack of management understanding and commitment to the reengineering effort. Such failures have been categorized into four elements: failure to translate the future vision of the company into appropriate cultural and behavioral expectations that can be communicated to all employees; the absence of systematic means to benchmark current practices against those required to achieve the vision; the lack of a focused development process to help individuals close the gaps between their current levels and those required by the reengineering vision; and the inattention to the supporting HR systems that must maintain the vision. Reengineering neglects to deal adequately with the people of the organization who ultimately determine whether reengineering works or not. The horrific effects of typical reengineering efforts on the morale and motivation of the survivors are often overlooked. Initiatives often fail because focus has been concentrated on the processes and ignored the people who make them work. Common long-term losses include moral problems B. TQM Total Quality Management has also been claimed to have its own pros and cons. 1. Functional Culture TQM possesses the asset of an effective culture that emphasizes the role of the customer, whether internal or external. It is well known that corporate culture can have a significant impact on an organizations economic performance. The culture that has resulted in an organization that has undertaken a quality campaign is greatly conducive to corporate goals and strategies. The customer, as well as process focus, the prevention versus inspection policies, fact-based decision making, the highlight on feedback, and most importantly, the care bestowed upon employees install an open responsive culture. The weight placed on continuous improvement through continual learning is significant. Today, organizations have become information-processing networks capable of enhancing their positions only through learning. Learning is a major core value for an organization seeking excellence, as it has become synonymous with quality. A total quality management campaign entails a complete involvement o f the entire organization in a management led attempt to achieve success. In such a culture, the employee is king, as he/she is viewed as the ultimate pronouncer of quality. Employees are trained and empowered to take responsible decisions and are considered as collaborates in organizational work. It is such a culture that distinguishes flourishing organizations and allows them to acquire the competitive advantage necessary in order to compete. 2. Lack of Strategic Impact TQM has been criticized on many accounts. Some have argued that the element of continuous improvement mentality inhibits learning. Others have condemned it on the grounds of lacking innovation and radical capability, stating that Ð £incremental change isnt enough for many companies today. They dont need to change what is; they need to create what isnt. Yet, others have denounced it as deficient in IT focus and utilization. However, the most captious criticism of TQM has been its lack of strategic impact. VI. Reconciliation and Integration It is apparent that that there are major problems within the foundations of each individual approach. However, there is also a clear opportunity to unite them to fill each others gaps. In an attempt to re-conciliate the two approaches, two theories have erupted. The first integrates BPR under TQM by using the former as a tool or a subset of the latter. Leach considers TQM more likely to lead to success and concludes that BPR is more of a designed tool for TQM, but it is not a substitute. The agreed upon view in this camp is that it is more constructive to incorporate BPR as a valuable tool within the framework of TQM. As Macdonald put it, TQM provides the essential cultural framework to enable BPR. The second camp, on the other hand, entertains the idea of applying TQM after BPR as the latter builds the platform and prepares the stage for the former. TQM can be used to continually improve the company after BPR has radically changed it. Many supporters of this view have summarized it with the cliche revolutionize and then evolutionize. But even so, BPR cannot stand on its own without follow up. This follow up is incorporated in the continuous improvement offered by TQM. While both approaches offer valid arguments, there seems no need to adopt an either/or position. Practitioners can create an integrated model where both incremental and quantum improvements are possible within a continuous improvement environment. In such a model, the building blocks are an integration of the best practices of the two methods building on the strengths of both and eliminating most of their individual weaknesses. TQMs stable culture, people participation, and evolutionary nature can be used to eradicate or neutralize the stress and fear caused by BPRs revolutionary nature. The changes commensurate with BPR usually scare employees and de-motivate them. For true success in todays environment, management needs to consider employee participation, for which TQM creates the proper cultural milieu for change. BPR, on the other hand, provides the quick strike and innovative capabilities, in addition to the best practices of IT. TQMs main contribution would be a continuous change and improvement methodology, without which the solutions that BPR offers will bear little fruit. Both kinds of change can and should be pursued, even though their requirements are different. A. Common Weaknesses: Nevertheless, the two approaches fail to address some common weaknesses, which, if left un-addressed, become weaknesses of the integrated model, rendering it insufficient and ineffective. 1. Lack of strategic impact: Not conducting strategic business planning to set the future direction of the company prior to starting the TQM initiative has caused major failures. The inherent lack of strategic integrity embodied within TQM is considered to be one of its main flaws. Similarly, in most cases BPR is undertaken to achieve medium-term cost and time saving rather than longer term strategic benefits. A greater focus on learning at the expense of the preoccupation with cost and time could increase the strategic impact of many BPR applications. 2. Lack of `people focus: The survey conducted by the authors (1998) suggested that TQM offers more people focus than BPR. However, the impact of change on people, and the way organizations are dealing with their people, is still considered a problem within both. The failure of many recent large-scale efforts at corporate change can be traced directly to employee resistance, lack of support, lack of enthusiasm and generally lack of the right culture to support the framework. Managing business productivity has essentially become synonymous with managing change effectively. To this end, companies must not only determine what to do and how to do it they, but also need to be concerned with how employees will react to it. It is becoming increasingly clear that the engine for organizational development is the people who do the work. Without altering human knowledge, skill, and behavior changes in technology, processes, and structures is unlikely to yield long-term benefits. Human development has been viewed as a more suitable alternative to `traditional organizational development in a strategy for bringing about dramatic performance improvements. The new work pattern is flexible working hours, knowledge workers, working from home, etc. So while these patterns emerge, organizations must change the way they deal with their people to yield maximum benefits. The success of an organization lies more in its intellectual capabilities than in physical assets. The cap acity to manage human intellect and to convert it into useful products and services is fast becoming the executive skill of the age. Thus, the model to be developed will be people oriented where high performance can be achieved only through people. B. The Proposed Model for Performance Excellence: Organizations are unique and each must find its path to success by continuously learning and customizing best practices. Thus, this model shall be set up in such a way so as to present a broad framework of generic ideas applicable to all organizations. The model can be considered a recipe; a mixture of best practices from BPR and TQM. However, it is not suggested that such a model will be a silver bullet. Its effectiveness depends on thoroughly understanding the business and the people in it. The aim of the model is to help organizations achieve performance excellence by ensuring a healthy balance between stability and continuous change. Stability comes from a bedrock of culture and values shared by organizational people, supported by a stable strategy, and systems that change only in a `creation or reorientation effort. Continuous change comes from continuous learning, and both aspects rely on fully committed and educated people. Hence, the objectives of the model will be to focus o n delighting the customer, to emphasize organizational people as the main competitive advantage and to develop a commitment to continuous learning and improvement. The model proposes turning organizational attention from cost-cutting and staff reduction to employee well-being by proposing an equal emphasis on the three main pillars of organization development, i.e. process, people, and information technology. The `process and `IT aspects, however, are continuously changing subject to daily improvements, and can easily be copied by competitors. Thus, the only source of competitive advantage is the organizations people (96.7% of the respondents agreed that having trained, motivated and well-led organizational people would result in performance excellence). According to John Jr. Welch, CEO of General Electric, the pace of the 90s will make the 80s look like a picnic a walk in the park. Competition will be relentless. The bar of excellence in everything we do will be raised everyday. Successful organizations in the next century will work on the edge of chaos where they must be spontaneous, adaptive, and alive. This, in turn, suggests the need for human and system flexibility and continuous learning within an organization held together by consistency of purpose, through a clear shared vision and open communication. Processes and people surround, and work for, the customer, and are held together by a clear set of organizational values and goals. As such, the main building blocks of the model are as follows: 1. Customer obsession: Past attempts to achieve and retain competitive advantage have largely looked internally within the organization for improvement. However, more so in the future, a major source for competitive advantage will come from more outward orientation towards customers and competition will focus on superior customer value delivery. The customer who should enjoy all the attention is the end user, as opposed to internal customers, suggested by TQM. 2. Vision and values: is he substance that binds the organization together. This includes the strategic planning and management capability, and outstanding leadership. The model proposes integrating the latest techniques of strategic management and thinking within the planning, implementation, and assessment stages. It is also suggested that the main competitive advantage for which organizations must aim is creating a `self-renewal learning culture, with the main competitive weapon being its people. The function of strategic planning in the new management model is to align all the efforts of the organization to customer satisfaction, quality, and operational performance goals. Companies use their strategic planning processes to drive the whole improvement process. 3. Business process excellence: Process excellence combines the incremental improvements of TQM and the more revolutionary steps associated with BPR. The major enabler for the coming century will be IT. Potentials of IT cannot be left unrealized by an organization aiming to survive in the future. However, businesses must creatively integrate IT with human expertise to meet customer needs. 4. People: Organizational people development should be the focal point as the source of future success. Workforce development is a top priority because it is the leverage of an association. The model aims to set out best practices in a culture of participative management, team structure, reward, training and development, recruitment, motivation, commitment, communication and knowledge management. TQM is based on a set of philosophies that emphasize continuous improvement in processes to increase customer satisfaction. To accomplish this objective, TQM requires flexibility and cross-training, cross-functional team problem solving, employee empowerment and ownership of the process. These are also essential to reengineering. For managers and employees ignorant of TQM and its requirements, a jump into the reengineering bandwagon may spin out of control. Reengineering is certainly risky, but it should be a calculated risk. Professionals experienced with TQM possess the skills necessary to organize and plan the changes designed to increase customer satisfaction, and are, thus, better prepared to utilize those skills on a large scale. In the external environment, for any company, change has become the only constant. Technology changes, information change, competition changes; everything changes and the organization itself need to change. In the midst of this flux rises the need for another constant to counter the effect of change, and that would be a culture of change: a culture that adapts the organization to new trends, introduces innovations, fosters creativity, and above all prepares its human element to the turbulence of change paving the way and soothing along the way. An Example: BTNI, a semi-autonomous unit subsidiary of British Telecommunications plc. is regarded as having a leading edge in managing quality and change. The company is an example of an organization that believed reengineering in a crisis situation is inappropriate as crisis in itself promotes fear, confusion, and panic, none of which is conducive to focused BPR. As such, BTNI undertook a number of change strategies before embarking upon BPR, namely BS 5750 / ISO 9000 accreditation, total quality, and finally process redesign. Senior management views incremental change brought about by TQM as greatly valuable, but on its own is not enough. They note that TQM has introduced some surface changes to behavior, while underlying processes, which maintain sub-optimal performance, remained untouched. Sometimes shots of radical change that can only be brought by BPR are also necessary. BTNI also notes that upon embarking upon the BPR project, teams made great use of already documented end-to-end proces ses as part of the TQM efforts. The reengineering implementation teams had to take risks in pursuit of excellence, relying on change management skills and techniques acquired from the TQM experience. (7) VII. Conclusion: TQM and BPR have arguably been so influential due to the amorphous and comprehensive nature of their philosophies. All things considered, TQM, as well as BPR, are applicable to all business sectors, encompassing all aspects of the business and touching upon all corners of an organization without any constrictions. Neither approach guarantees success. It is not a case of follow the rules in the book and youll hit the jackpot. It all depends on organizational intelligence and ability to adapt either approach to its own size, form, products, and management. This research paper has presented an argument for integrating BPR and TQM. The individual strengths and weaknesses of each have been shown to complement one another. From the evidence presented, it can be concluded that the way forward for organizational development is an integrated model, one that builds on the best practices of BPR and TQM and adds strategic planning and a stronger focus on people. Although processes and Ð ¡ITÐ ¢ (the main focal areas in TQM and BPR, respectively) are crucial components for success, they are the easiest to perfect in an organization, and can be easily replicated by competitors, thus, providing little competitive advantage. People and knowledge management are perceived to be the main sources for competitive advantage in the future.